TECHNICAL INFORMATIONS:
5’S => Five Keys to build standardize our job.
Seiri => Work in short out.
Seiton => Systematic arrangement before starting the work.
Seiso => Spic & span (i.e.) Area neatness.
Seiketsu=> Standardization (Done our project within our documentation limit)
Shitsuke => Self discipline.
Caps B is denoted by Bytes & Small b is denoted by bit:
8 bit => 1 Byte
1024 bit => 1 KB (Kilo Byte)
1024 KB => 1 MB (Mega Byte)
1024 MB => 1 GB (Giga Byte)
1024 GB => 1 TB (Tear Byte)
1024 TB => 1 PB (Pentad Byte)
1024 PB => 1 EB (Exa Byte)
1024 EB => 1 ZB (Zetta Byte)
1024 ZB => 1 YB (Yotta Byte)
PIN DETAILS:
P4 pin Processor => 487 Pins
LGA pin Processor => 775 Pins
AMD 32bit pin Processor => 462 Pins
AMD 64bit pin Processor => 939 Pins
Floppy Disk Drive => 34 Pins
Hard Disk Drive => 40 Pins
Printer/Parallel Port => 25 Pins
Monitor Male Port => 15 Pins
Serial Port (Com1 & Com2)=> 9 Pins
DDR Memory => 184 Pins
DDR-II Memory => 240 Pins
KBD & Mouse Connector => 6 Pins
SATA Port => 7 Pins
SATA Power Connector => 16 Pins
PATA Power Connector => 4 Pins
SCSI Connector => 68 Pins
Cable Speed:
PATA => 133 Mb/s
SATA1 => 150 Mb/s
SATA2 => 300 Mb/s (or) 3Gbps
SCSI => 160-320 MB/s (Ultra Speed)
SAS => 3Gbps
E-SATA => 120MBps
PS/2 => 8 MB
USB 1.1 => 14 Mbps
USB 2.0 => 480 Mbps (40 times greater than USB 1.1)
USB: The available power consumption is 500mA per port. Pen driver also having same consumptions. It’s fabricated by using the chip name called “NAND flash”. It’s only used for storage device.
IEEE: Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers.
IEEE1394 like USB “B” type it same as USB function.
IEEE1394a like E-SATA port.
64 bit supported only in AMD:
Cool N Quite Technology:-
1) The AMD 64bit processor introduced technology of cooling system.
2) Its working depends upon the load. The CPU fan speed automatically gets low when there is
no load in the system.
3) Power consumption is low.
4) This technology introduced Intel LGA processor (i.e.) Enhanced Intel Speed Step technology.
AMD 64bit => “H6EXDPS”
H => Hyper Threading Technology.
6 => 64bit data transfer.
E => Enhanced Intel Speed Step Technology.
X => Executable disable bit.
D => Dual Core.
P => Prescott CPU.
S => Smith field CPU.
ACPI => Advanced Configuration Power Interface (CMOS Settings)
S0 => Monitor do not turn OFF the display while power ON stage, because the S0 state will
“enable”.
S1 => Monitor & other device power saved w/o work load the machine but CPU fan rotate
its own speed weather the S1 state will ON.
S2 => Power blocked in CPU, monitor & other devices but power ON in Memory, while it’s
enabling.
S3 => Power ON memory only, while it’s enabling. (Standby)
S4 => Total power blocked in the system. The data’s saved in HDD – Hibernate.
SCSI => Small Computer System Interface:
SCSI is an interface which is only used in Server.
Data transfer speed is 320 MB/sec.
It has 68 pin connector with LVD (Terminator) connector.
LVD means Low Voltage Device.
It has 16 terminals, HDD possible to connect 0-15.
It supports 15,000 PRM (Type: Nero wide Ultra SCSI)
SCSI is used to increase the data speed transferring between device.
IDE device was used in Server, Ultra 80 is the 2st introduction of SCSI, it has 80 Mb/sec.
IDE device are 50 pin connector, speed is 10-20 Mbps. Maximum 4 HDD is used.
Next Ultra 160 & 320 used.
At present we are using Ultra 320 in SCSI.
SCSI is controlled by Adaptec controller.
In chipset 78 series will supported in Ultra 160 SCSI.
In chipset 79 series will supported in Ultra 320 SCSI.
Format Command: fs= File system, V= Volume label, Q=> Quick, S=> System files.
1) Format a:
C:>format a: /q /s
2) Format d: & Change NTFS
C:>format d: /fs:ntfs /q/v:WIPRO /y
3) Format d: & change FAT32:
C:>format d: /fs:fat /q/v:WIPRO /y
4) Convert FAT32 to NTFS w/o files changed:
C:>convert c: /fs:ntfs
DMI Check in XP-Prof OS: C:>oobe/msoobe /a
DMI Check in VISTA OS: C:>slui
DOS 6.22 Commands:
1) doskey, 2) mem, 3) tree|more & 4) fdisk
Printout Command in DOS mode: a:rr.rtf >prn (a: is a floppy drive, prn=> Print)
BIOS: Basic Input Output Systems
It’s a chipset located in Mother Board.
Additional power source given from CMOS battery, whenever power OFF the system.
The usage of CMOS battery is to hold the CMOS settings whenever power fail in system.
Otherwise vendor default settings occur automatically.
The maximum volt of power from CMOS battery is 3v.
Bios is a ROM chip which is used to control the CMOS settings, Booting order, POST screen,
Vector screen & DMI.
Whenever power ON the system the BIOS chip will enable (execute) and search whatever the
components connected in MBD, that model number and capacity should be displayed out
through the monitor.
BIOS control the DMI string in that ROM chip.
Advantages of windows-XP better than 2K OS:
High speed operation & high resolution than 2000 OS.
In-built drivers more in windows-XP OS.
Easy to use plug & play devices.
Remote desktop possible in this OS.
CENTRINO TECHNOLOGY:
Centrino is a technology which is used to work in wireless communication.
Centrino technology supported by following 4 steps:
1. Chipset 915G and above.
2. Wireless LAN card.
3. Windows xp-prof & Home, MCE, Vista and Linux 4.0 and above.
4. Mobile processor.
HDD: Hard Disk Drive:
HDD is a permanent storage device; the technical name is called as Non-volatile memory.
Electro-magnetic storage is used in HDD because by using this type data’s will never loss
Whenever power OFF the system.
The fabricated components are Platter, Universal motor & PCB.
Platter is used like straggling purpose. In old HDD platter having 8 numbers each platter has one read head & one write head.
Read & Write head activate at same time in same direction.
512 MB data’s are possible to store in between the track and sector.
Consuming of power in HDD like +5v, +12v & Ground.
+5v is used in PCB track and +12v is used in Universal motor. Ground is common for both cable.
POH- Power on Hours which is mainly specified in vendor’s Spec sheet. Vendors was giving an approval to getting the HDD might be fail when many time boot at least 5 years 3120 hours.
MTBF-Mean Time between Fail which is also specified in vendor’s Spec sheet. Vendors was giving an approval might the HDD going to fail after continuously working 3120 hours.
SATA performance is too high than PATA because SATA controller having NCQ & Serial data cable.
NCQ-Native Command Queuing which is newly technology introduced in SATA HDD. It is working like once the head rotate one time (RPM) it pick up all data’s from multi sector in a same rotation.
Data buffer is located in HDD controller, transferring data calculate from HDD controller to MBD-South Bridge (Buffer to Host transfer rate 3Gbps & Buffer to disk transfer rate 150Mbps)
Latest HDD 320GB-WD3200BJKT-00F4T0 7200 RPM SATA2 300MHz (or) 3Gbps 1st time released in Notebook 0n the year 2008. Sector 512MB, Data Buffer 16MB, No. of Disk 2 & No. of Surface 4, No. of heads 4, RPM 7200, Load/Unload 600000, M HDD Dimension (9.5×69.85×100.20mm-HxWxL),
LBA-> Logical Block Address: It’s addressing the HDD details logically in a HDD controller, which is detecting in CMOS settings and also OS level. Vendor utility has to collect these information’s.
How to determine the capacity of HDD?
HDD Capacity => No. of cylinder X number of tracks X number of sectors X number of Bytes X
“512 Byte data’s possible to store in each sector in between the track”.
CD Media & Drivers Information’s:
CD-RW=> 52×32x52x “X” = 150Kbps
“X” Name of the X is represent the speed of the driver like 150Kbps
52 x => CD-R (Maximum speed writing only one time)
32 x => CD-RW (Maximum speed multi times writing)
52 x => CD (Maximum reading speed)
“16x” DVD “1x” DVD speed = “8x” CD speed
Currently we are use following media’s like CD, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, and DVD-RW.
CD having 700MB capacity, but DVD having 4.2GB. RW is called as Read/Writeable.
If the media having CD means we can possible to Read only.
If it is CD-R means we are write the data’s only one time and also Read the data’s.
If it is CD-RW means we can able to Write/Erase multi times and also Read.
This CD functions is same as DVD.
CDROM driver can able to Read these following media’s like CD & CD-R.
CDROM-RW Driver able to access CD, CD-R & CD-RW.
DVDROM Driver able to access CD, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD.
DVD-RW Driver able to access CD, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R & DVD-RW.
COMBO Driver able to access CD, CD-R, CD-RW & DVD.
In future case we are going to use DVD-DL (Super Multi). It has dual layer and the
capacity is 8.4GB.
CD & DVD having Red Laser ray.
Blu-ray DVD is an advanced future in technology field. The maximum capacity of Blu-Ray is 25GB in a Single layer & 50 GB in Dual Layer. In future we have facing 200GB capacity & 8 multi layers.
HD-DVD & BD-DVD having Blu Laser ray.
Blu ray DVD play with actual speed if any scratches occur in media.
Different wave length media like CD=>780nm, DVD=>650nm, HD-DVD=>405nm & Blu-ray Disk 405nm.
HD-DVD & BD-DVD media support all other devices like Web Camera, CD Player & CD Driver.
In latest we are going to use SATA CD Drive like BD-ROM, BD-R & BD-RE(Read/Write). This
Driver support only Blu-ray disk.
SATA CD Driver having 0.85 lens (Numerical Aperture lens)
Advantages of Blu-ray Disk:
Data transfer rate 36 Mb/sec.
Media diameter 120mm.
Thickness of the disk is 1.2mm.
Single modulation.
Track width 0.40mm. (Micro Meter)
High capacity in single disk.
Memory <=> RAM
It’s a temporary storage device; the technical name is called as Volatile memory.
Whenever power OFF the system the data’s will erase automatically.
Data’s transfer from memory to CPU like bit (0-7) wise.
In CPU all data’s transfer through the memory.
In old version SIMM memory slot was used and the another version of RIMM slot also used,
But RIMM was not moving good.
In latest version we are using DIMM slot, this is more advantages compare to SIMM & RIMM.
DDR-II is the latest version; it’s over take from DIMM.
DIMM has 184 pins & the power consumption is 3.5volt.
DDR-II has 240 pins & the power consumption is 1.8volt.
DDR-III has high bandwidth, Data speed is high, parallel technology but data transferred in series & power consumption is 1.5V + 0.075V
Data transaction through memory from CPU to North Bridge.
ECC & NON ECC – Error Checking & Correction and Non Error Checking Correction.
Non ECC have not able to check errors.
ECC have able to check the errors & also correct that error. 2 types of error corrections like Hardware Error (Physical Damage) & Software Error (Program problem like 1+2=4)
North Bridge <=> Graphics Memory Controller Hub (GMCH)
This is used to control the CPU and Memory. North Bridge is like a bypass of
CPU & memory. This Technology only for following chipsets like 965GM & below.
But in latest Technology of Nehalem platform & further platform totally different.
North Bridge controller embedded in CPU and also Memory controller and Graphical VGA directly working with CPU. So, the speed of the Graphical & display is very high. In Nehalem platform and above they are using DDR3 memory.
South Bridge <=> I/O Controller Hub (ICH)
Which is used to control the other devices like HDD, CDROM, FDD, etc
CPU => Control Processing Unit (E.g.: 1.83GHz/667FSB/2MB Cache)
It’s used to control the all processing unit (i.e) Arithmetic & logic function and
also other operations.
The CPU is going to high performance depend upon the FSB and Cache.
Eg: 533FSB/512MB Cache (It’s has giving low performance then 667FSB/2MB Cache)
The CPU can’t perform it’s actual speed, whenever the load is given to the CPU.
P4: Name of this CPU physically & logically shows one and also its actual speed is
depend upon the combination of cache & FSB.
P4-HT: This CPU shows physically one but logically two (i.e) the output of the result
is too high because it act two CPU speed.
Pentium D: It has two Core with single Cache fabricated in single CPU.
Celeron D: It has only one Core with single Cache fabricated in single CPU.
